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Amanpour
Pakistani Prime Minister Elicits World's Support for His Country; Imran Khan, Pakistani Prime Minister, is Interviewed About Pakistan; New Fiction Novel About Slavery; Interview With San Francisco, California, Mayor London Breed; Interview With Ta-Nehisi Coates. Aired 1-2p ET
Aired December 31, 2019 - 13:00 ET
THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.
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CHRISTIANE AMANPOUR, CHIEF INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Hello, everyone, and welcome to "Amanpour." This Holiday Season, we are dipping into the
archives, looking back at some of our favorite interview from the year, and here's what's coming up.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
IMRAN KHAN, PAKISTAN PRIME MINISTER: I fear there's going to be a massacre.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
AMANPOUR: Pakistan prime minister, Imran Khan, warns of a bloodshed in Kashmir. A candid interview after tensions rise with India's crack down.
Then --
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
TA-NEHISI COATES, AUTHOR, "THE WATER DANCER": And so, "The Water Dancer" is a book about freedom. It's about a young man who is seeking freedom but
does not quite understand how complex that request actually is.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
AMANPOUR: Acclaimed author, Ta-Nehisi Coates, takes us inside the magical and devastating world of his first novel "The Water Dancer."
Plus, the mayor of San Francisco, London Breed, tells her incredible story, how she rose from poverty all the way up to the mayor's office.
Welcome to the program, everyone. I'm Christiane Amanpour in London.
A decade's old dispute between two nuclear powers has intensified in recent months. The territory of Kashmir, linking India and Pakistan, is once
again a flashpoint between the two countries.
Pakistani prime minister, Imran Khan, has continually warned global leaders of the severity of the situation. At this year's U.N. General Assembly, he
urged the international community to intervene to avoid what he said would be a bloodbath.
In August, the Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi, had stripped Indian administer of Kashmir of its autonomy, to create what he says would be
peace and stability. Ever since then, the move has stoked anger and resentment in an already fragile situation. With Kashmiris suffering a
shutdown of services and a communications blackout.
Donald Trump has offered his power of mediation, but the confrontation remains on a knife-edge.
And I sat down with Prime Minister Khan in New York during the General Assembly, to find out what he hope to achieve from the global summit.
Prime Minister Imran Khan, welcome to the program.
KHAN: Thank you.
AMANPOUR: So, tell me, first and foremost, what message do you want to send from here? What do you hope your visit will have accomplished?
KHAN: Look, Christiane, I wouldn't have come to the U.N. G.A. because, you know, we have just emerging coming out of a very difficult economic
situation. And so, my presence is required in Pakistan.
What has happened in Kashmir is so alarming and I realize that the world doesn't fully understand what is happening there. And what is happening
can only get worse, 8 million people have been locked inside now for 50 odd days. And the world doesn't seem to understand the gravity of the
situation. Because the moment the curfew is lifted, there are 900,000 troops there. And I fear a massacre.
AMANPOUR: Indian troops?
KHAN: Indian troops. And I fear there's going to be a massacre. Because people in Kashmir for the last 30 years have been demanding the right of
self-determination, there have been demonstrations. Last five years, ever since Narendra Modi's government came, the level of oppression has
increased. There have been United Nations reports on the human right abusers.
AMANPOUR: You're here at the United Nations, both you and Prime Minister Modi are addressing the world. There is a U.N. resolution that governs the
fate of Kashmir. Do you have any hope that might you meet with the prime minister of India bilaterally or a pull aside or whatever you do even if
it's not a 1,000 percent formal?
KHAN: There's no question of me meeting Prime Minister Modi of what he's done in Kashmir. This is only a mindset which believe in a Hindu
superiority which does not believe that other human beings are the minorities, other religions are equal citizens. Only that mindset could
have done this.
I mean, how could anyone do this to other human beings? Shut them up for over 50 days. What does he expect? Even animals if they're shut inside
for 50 days, no hospitals, no schools for them, even then the world would have reacted.
AMANPOUR: Why do you think the world is not reacting? Remember when Putin went into Crimea and annexed Crimea, there was sanctions, there was an
international uproar that, frankly, continues to this day. Why do you think the same has not happened when Modi has essentially -- potentially
annexed Kashmir?
KHAN: Well, I have apprised almost all the top war leaders. I've explained to them the situation. There are 11 United Nations Security
Council resolutions which give the Kashmiris the right of self- determination and that is a disputed territory. It's not an Indian territory. First of all, a lot of leaders didn't realize this.
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But I think even the ones who realize look upon India as a market for 1.2 billion people and trade and so on. And this is the sad thing, material
over the human.
AMANPOUR: And you've said that the world appears to be appeasing India.
KHAN: Let's get one thing right. Narendra Modi represents RSS. He's a life member. RSS was this ideology which came about in 1925 inspired by
Adolf Hitler and Nazism. They believed in the ethnic cleansing almost (INAUDIBLE) from India. This ideology had A, the idea of Hindu supremacy.
And B, hatred against the Muslims.
They consider themselves higher race (ph). So, this racial superiority, ideology, it was responsible for the assassination of Mohad Mogandi who
they believe was soft on Muslims. It was banned three times in India as a terrorist organization. These extremists have taken over India.
AMANPOUR: Now, he is a very good friend and ally of President Trump. And President Trump, in fact, speaks warmly of both of you and he says that
he's had great meetings with you and great meetings with Narendra Modi and he is willing and able to help and intervene, if you should want.
KHAN: President Trump, head of the most powerful country in the world, his best place to do something about this. At the moment, he's saying to
Narendra Modi, I want to help but Modi wasn't want to. Why doesn't Modi want it? Because the moment this becomes internationalized, other
countries come in and mediate, they will realize that the poor Kashmiris were denied their right for self-determination and they will know what the
human right abusers are -- which are going on in Kashmir.
It's massive. Security forces which have locked in these people. So, Narendra Modi does not want any outside people to mediate. He keeps saying
it's a bilateral relation. When we try to talk to him, he says, it's a unilateral issue. So, we go around in circles.
But eventually, and this is my belief, this is what I think I've achieved from my trip here, I believe that the international community will move in.
They will have to because this is going to become a flash point.
AMANPOUR: And, of course, for people outside and maybe even few inside, everybody is very aware that you're both nuclear powers, that there have
been wars fought between you over this very issue in the past. And they're concerned this might, as you say, it become a flash point but a terrible
flash point. What can you say about -- what would your reaction be? How far are you prepared to go?
KHAN: Christiane, that's why I'm here. If it was just something which would have remained localized between India and Pakistan, even if a
conventional war, the world is not really pushed about it, but this can go out of control. And I'll tell you how. What are the narrative of Narendra
Modi's government is that the Kashmiris want this, this whole thing has been done to make Kashmir prosperous and developed, and Pakistan is the
spinner (ph) in the works by sending in terrorists. They're already accusing us that the -- I think the --
AMANPOUR: They are saying it again, the military chiefs that 500 camps are being used and Pakistan is mobilizing militants in Kashmir, terrorism.
KHAN: This was predictable. Why are they saying it? Because they want to divert the world's attention from what is going to be a massacre. So, to
divert the attention, this is the mantra that the Islamic terrorism. And Islamic terrorism since 9/11 has meant that the world just looks the other
way. You can violate all the human rights. You can do anything of those people by calling them Islamic terrorists. That's what India has done,
Narendra Modi.
My point is, what is Pakistan going to get out of this by sending in 500 terrorists? There are 900 -- almost a million troops there. What are they
going to do there? The only thing they will do is that the -- on the pretext of going after terrorists, they would be more oppression off the
people of Kashmir. And secondly, they will divert the world's attention towards Pakistan.
And so, I have specifically told Pakistan, people of Pakistan, anyone going into Kashmir will be an enemy of Pakistan and an enemy of Kashmiris for the
reasons that I've just told you. It's the first time two nuclear armed countries are face to face. If this goes like it happened in February, I
mean, we immediately return the pilot when we shot down the plane because we didn't want any escalation.
AMANPOUR: And actually, the world thought that you had behaved very responsibly in pulling back from that.
KHAN: And I told the Indian public, also, I said, look, if this goes further, it will soon spiral out of control beyond my hands and your prime
minister's. And guess what, you know, Narendra Modi, once we returned the pilot, his entire election campaign was that Pakistan is so scared of me
that they immediately returned the pilot and I'm going teach Pakistan a lesson.
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And this was a trailer, the film is about to start. The whole election campaign was this jingoism, this whipping up hysteria, war hysteria against
Pakistan, and he swept the elections. In six years, India has changed. And I fear it is just going to change even more rapidly. That's why I call
it appeasement because the world should take a stand. You do not, in this day and age, put 8 million people in an open jail, surround them by 900,000
troops.
AMANPOUR: There are also other huge other flash points going on even around your neighborhood and that is the tension between Iran, the United
States, Saudi Arabia and the countries over there. You met President Trump. I think he asked you to do what you could in mediating maybe with
Iran. I don't know. And you met the president of Iran as well.
What can you tell us about any behind the door's diplomacy, behind the scenes movement in that regard?
KHAN: Well, firstly, Christiane, it's so important that this conflict does not take place because apart from anything else, I mean, we already have
Afghanistan on one side, this Indian problem on the other side. The last thing we want is a conflict on the other border in Iran and U.S. and
possibly Saudi Arabia, UAE. It will be a nightmare for us.
We are coming out of this very difficult situation where we had a massive current account deficit and we're just getting ourselves right. If the oil
prices again shoot up, I mean, not only us, it's going to affect so many countries in the world, probably cause more poverty and God knows how long
it will go. Because, you know, so dangerous when people say that, you know, it will only be a short war. To be fair to President Trump, all his
instinct is against the war.
AMANPOUR: Yes.
KHAN: I know there are people pushing it. I feel this will be awful once it starts. So, we should do everything to stop it. And I'm trying my
best. I spoke to President Rouhani. And, you know, let's see how it develops.
AMANPOUR: At the beginning, you were talking about the dire financial straits that Pakistan has been in. That you should be there because you've
got a major economic crisis, which you're trying to fix. You were against an IMF intervention or IMF assistance and then you accepted it. Why have
you decided that going forward the IMF is a better course of action?
KHAN: Christiane, we inherited the biggest current account deficit in our history. It was such a huge gap that until we fixed our -- increased our
exports, (INAUDIBLE), there was a time lag. In that time lag, we had to service our debts. We had to service $10 billion worth of debts which have
been accumulated by the previous government.
How we're going to do it, unless we didn't go to the IMF. We could have defaulted. They could have been run on the rupee, you know, and the
economy could have tanked completely. So, we have gone through a difficult period. And mercifully, thank God our exchange rate has stabilized. We
lost 35 percent of value on our currency, which, of course, caused inflation which has hurt our people.
But at least now we are stable and the signs are -- export sign increasing now. The economies on the main country has stabilized. So, it's a great
opportunity now to build on this.
Now, we have campaigned for anti-corruption. We come into power. So, when some -- the problem -- this is where the problem starts. Now, we are
trying to collect taxes because we have to collect taxes, you know, to service our debts.
AMANPOUR: Bisan (ph) was famously unable to collect taxes.
KHAN: Yes.
AMANPOUR: I mean, for years people weren't paying taxes.
KHAN: So, the last two months, we have been -- via the reforms we did, we have collected record taxes the last two months. Now, the problem is, the
reason why people are paying taxes and we feel people will pay more and more taxes because they trust the government. It's a credible government.
AMANPOUR: I think successive Americans president and successive partners who wished that Pakistan would, you know, realize that its biggest threat
was from Afghanistan and then unstable border with Afghanistan. Can you say that Pakistan is no longer in the throes of that kind of militantism
that has turned off your international partners for so many years?
KHAN: Well, first of all, Pakistan was not responsible for the U.S. not succeeding in Afghanistan because there were 150,000 NATO troops. The
biggest military machine ever. And we are being blamed for them not winning in Afghanistan. And we were almost told that the problem is not
with Afghanistan (ph). That's the haven for all the terrorists and so on.
If the problem was not with Afghanistan (ph), the U.S. should have exceeded in Afghanistan.
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In fact, the things are even worse now than before. So, clearly, the problem lay with a history of Afghanistan. They have always stood up
against anyone invading their country. I mean, there was history with Soviets, then with British before that.
The -- I just felt that the U.S. trying to find a military solution in Afghanistan when there was never one. And finally, sense has prevailed
that now there's direct dialogue had started and supported by Pakistan and I feel really sad that in the middle it was scuttled. But I do feel and
we're trying and when I spoke to President Trump, we are trying to, again, get the talks back on. Because, as I repeat, I repeat there is no military
solution.
AMANPOUR: Imran Khan, thank you very much indeed for joining me.
KHAN: Thank you.
AMANPOUR: And we continue to request an interview with the Indian prime minister, Mr. Modi.
Now, we leave that real world temporarily for the magical with our next guest, the acclaimed African-American author, Ta-Nehisi Coates. His award-
winning work has put him in at the very heart of the public square these days with nonfiction like "Between the World and Me" that dissect being
black in America. To comic books like "Black Panther."
Coates is now venturing into fiction with his first novel called "The Water Dancer." Using the vehicle of magical realism to tell the deep and
disturbing story of slavery and the trade in human beings and the underground railroad which shuttled them to freedom. Coates join me as his
novel, one of the most anticipated of the year, hit the bookstores.
Ta-Nehisi Coates, welcome to the program.
COATES: Thank you for having me, Christiane.
AMANPOUR: So, you are very well known for your nonfiction writing. And now, you've sort of branched out of your comfort zone with your first piece
of fiction, this novel.
COATES: Yes, yes.
AMANPOUR: "The Water Dancer." Why?
COATES: Well, I think the thing folks should understand is the way this happened in terms of timing. In fact, "The Water Dancer" is older than,
you know, some of my other work. For instance, it's older than (INAUDIBLE), it's actually older than "Between the World and Me." I
started "The Water Dancer" in 2009 after my first book. Actually, at the suggestion of my agent and my editor.
And during that period, I was doing a lot of, you know, reading around slavery and the civil war and I found myself wanting to live in this period
for some time. I didn't anticipate living in it for 10 years. I didn't anticipate it taking that long but, you know, other things happened.
AMANPOUR: Was it that because other things happened or was it just so difficult to write such a profound story?
COATES: You know what, it was a combination of both. I probably didn't know -- and even as it was happening, didn't understand the level of
difficulty. I really didn't understand it until I was done. But it was because of other things but it was good those other things happened because
what it would do is, you know, it would give me a break for a moment from it to think about it, you know, to develop a little bit, come back and look
at the text again and see things that maybe I was missing before.
AMANPOUR: So, given it took so long, 10 years, and actually, the discussion is moving rapidly on racism.
COATES: Yes, it is.
AMANPOUR: On slavery.
COATES: Yes.
AMANPOUR: And we're here in 1619 plus 400.
COATES: That's right. That's right.
AMANPOUR: What have you learned over those 10 years? What, in your mind, in your view of that historical past or the present has evolved over those
10 years?
COATES: So, I have to tell you, the conclusions I probably have now, even conclusions I had in 2014 or 2015 when, you know, I published "Between the
World and Me," I didn't have them in 2009. I actually did not understand, at that point, the extent to which slavery ran through the spine of this
country. I didn't understand the foundational aspect of enslavement.
"The Water Dancer" -- and I would say, I guess, much of the work I've done over the past 10 years, comes out of that. This feels like, you know, the
capstone on a long project that began back then, you know.
AMANPOUR: So, we'll get to the big picture in a moment but let's talk about the small picture.
COATES: Sure.
AMANPOUR: The narrative in your book. Hiram Walker --
COATES: Yes.
AMANPOUR: -- is the narrator or the main character, anyway. And you've endowed with all sorts of mystical and magical properties. He's the memory
thing. I think you call it conduction.
COATES: Conduction, yes.
AMANPOUR: Is his particular gift.
COATES: Yes.
AMANPOUR: He also, I guess, like many little boys and girls, saw his mother sold off into slavery.
COATES: Yes, yes.
AMANPOUR: And, and I didn't quite get this until the second chapter, he's also the son of the white master.
COATES: He is, yes.
AMANPOUR: Who is now tasking him with looking after his white brother.
COATES: His white brother.
AMANPOUR: It's so complex.
COATES: Yes.
AMANPOUR: Tell us about Hiram Walker. What were you trying to tell the world through this boy?
COATES: There is a central trope running through "The Water Dancer." At its core, it's a book about memory. And how I -- and I knew -- I was
pretty sure I wanted to write something about that, that I had. I moved to it being more of a supernatural, you know, aspect, in those mystical
properties that you talked about because through much of the research I did, I actually had to read quite a bit of the literature of the first
person accounts of enslaved black people of that period.
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And the way they talked about their experience was mystical. Oftentimes, they would talk about escapes. They would use, you know, sort of mystical
language. Frederick Douglass would talk about another enslaved person who gave him a special group that would help him escape. There were, you know,
methods that, you know, they believed in to help, you know, for instance throw off the dogs that were on their trail. So, it's a mystical world
that they lived in.
Hey, I'm always attracted to that. I grew up on comic books. So, I had a natural attraction to that. And so, I just sort of I dug right into it.
Harim is a young man who has a pretty natural sense of memory except when it comes to the things most intimate and arguably most important about
himself.
And so, "The Water Dancer" is a book about freedom. It's about a young man who is seeking freedom but does not quite understand how complex that
request actually is.
AMANPOUR: Fill in what you were just saying, except when it comes to the most important things about himself.
COATES: So, in this case, he has -- he understands as a fact that his mother was sold off but he doesn't remember his mother. He can't, you
know, remember her face. He can't remember her doing things for them. He only knows what other people have told him. And I think what becomes
pretty clear is that his act of forgetting is to, some extent, intentional. He has a mental block of. He can't face what it means that his mother has
been sold off because then he would have to draw certain conclusions about his father and indeed, the very world that he lives in.
AMANPOUR: Well, we're going to talk about that. He does, actually, magic up his mother.
COATES: Yes.
AMANPOUR: He has this incident where by -- and it's very associated with the water. I don't want to be a spoiler alert.
COATES: Yes, yes.
AMANPOUR: But he's hovering between life and death and he sees his mother.
COATES: Yes.
AMANPOUR: Rose.
COATES: Yes.
AMANPOUR: And then, the story gets into how his father, this white master, sort of decides that he likes him, that he's clever, that he wants to
educate him.
COATES: Right.
AMANPOUR: Not many black slave boys are educated.
COATES: Right.
AMANPOUR: Describe the farmer who he does know.
COATES: So, I think what happens is the father -- Harim's father, Howell Walker, loves his son about as much as any white man in that system and in
his position could love his black son. And what that results in is some degree of privileges that are afforded to Hiram. But nevertheless, he is
still enslaved and he feels it. He feels it.
The father -- and this is, I guess, one of the more interesting perspectives for me being a writer, even characters who, if I describe them
to you, or somebody described them to me, I may not sympathize with. As the writer, you have to find your way into those characters anywhere. So,
I had to find my way into the father, Howell Walker. He's a man who is born into a system, a system of enslavement that is responsible for
everything that's around him. It's responsible for the food he eats. It's responsible for the clothes that are on his back.
Slaves do all the work. Slaves built the house. Everything around him. The world and everyone he knows, everyone in his class, in his society,
lives off the product of the enslaved. And so, that imposes certain things on his mindset and his ability, specifically on his ability to, you know,
love his black son.
AMANPOUR: You use words like the tasked for the slaves, the quality for the owners, (INAUDIBLE) way to sort of symbolize selling off into slavery
into the south. And we've said Hiram's father is the plantation owner. At one point he says in the book, it's not fair, I know. None of it is fair
but I've been damned to live in this time when I must watch my people carried off across the bridge and into God knows where. He's kind of
pitying himself.
COATES: Yes. He's the one sending them off. He is the one doing the sending. You know what I mean? But I don't think that is so different
from how people who harm other people often try to justify it. Look what you made me do. And so, yes, that's a relatively tough moment, you know.
But one of the interesting thing is, again, I keep going back to this, but if you read the literature of those who were doing the enslaving of the
planner (ph) class, they were wonderful at justifying, you know, the selling, you know, of other people. Thomas Jefferson, you know, famously
says, you know, living off -- living in -- you know, the system of slavery is like holding the wolf by the ears, you know, you dare not let him go.
Well, yes. But the wolf is actually a person. You know what I mean? You made a decision to grab the wolf by the ears. That wasn't, you know, a
thing that was done to you. So, I think people are very good at finding ways to justify, you know --
AMANPOUR: Look, you're a young man and you are exploring this very heavy history, America's original sin. Right at the time when we're confronted
daily with all aspects of this racism. And particularly, in very, very interesting investigation in the "New York Times" with the 1619 Project.
[13:25:00]
And she lays out, Nikole, in absolute forensic detail how American music is all black music, how America's economy was the commodity of people, slaves,
how the health care was completely and utterly stacked against black people, how everything was so unjust.
And I just wonder, with all your reading because you did a huge amount of the original research, are you angry? How angry does it make you feel?
COATES: Anger, not too much. I mean, when you're in the moment, there are moments. OK. I, for instance, I did a lot of research down at Monticello.
I was angry when I was at Monticello. And I was angry because Thomas Jefferson is brilliant. If you want to read a contemporaneous account by
someone from the planner class to describe the evils of slavery, you don't get much about it in Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia.
It's brilliant, brilliant (INAUDIBLE) of how corrupted slavery is. And yet, here you are on the property of someone who lived off of the backs of
hundreds of people. And not only lived off of their backs, went into debt buying, you know, expensive finery, champagne, you know, living the life of
a king so than when he died, those people who he was, you know, allegedly responsible for were, in fact, sold off and those families were broken up.
And they all suffered for a man who knew that what he was doing at every hour was evil and was wrong.
AMANPOUR: And who is lionized throughout history.
COATES: And is lionized throughout history. And I understand why. You know, here's the change (ph). I make no, you know, mistake -- make no
mistake about that, but that's hard to take. It's hard to take when people know and you can tell they know and yet, you know, nonetheless, you know
what I mean, they fail to act.
But if you're continuously angry all throughout, you can't write. You can't write. It would destroy you. You know what I mean? You would lose
the ability to try to represent, you know, everyone with some degree of sympathy.
AMANPOUR: And yet, I mean, a lot of the aspects that come through in this book exist today. I mean, first and foremost, child separation from their
parents.
COATES: Yes, it does.
AMANPOUR: It's happening right now.
COATES: Yes, it is. And I was not unaware of that. You know, as we got toward the end, you know, of our publication cycle. What I think is when
you have a country that in its, you know, nascent colonial roots, in its early history, practiced a policy of family separation for profit, when at
the end of, you know, the civil rights movement, I would argue practiced more family separation through the expansion of the cultural state of this
country, when, you know, post -- after the civil war, practiced a policy of a family separation through our convict leasing wherein, you know, people
had committed petty crimes were sent off to jail, fathers, very often, if that becomes part of your history, if it's something that society
practices, it becomes easy to then, therefore, practice it at the border.
And so, I think those of us who are somewhat familiar with that history are not surprised to see kids in cages. It's not the first time we've done
this.
AMANPOUR: It's actually hard even to hear you say that, kids in cages. Can I ask you about the secret world of slaves, which, obviously, you
explore --
COATES: Yes.
AMANPOUR: -- so incredibly. I want you to read a passage from the book. It's where Hiram, the main character, observes a group of enslaved men and
they gather together at a local horse race.
COATES: I looked over and watched as the other colored men along the fence shouted and laughed with still others working the stables. I'm watching
this silently as was my way, I marveled at the bonds between us. The way we shortened our words or spoke sometimes with no words at all. The shared
memories of corn shuckings, of hurricanes, of heroes who did not live in books but in our talk, an entire world of our own hidden away from them.
And to be part of their world, I felt, even then, was to be in on a secret, a secret that wasn't you.
AMANPOUR: Tell me a bit more about that hidden world that they shared.
COATES: I often say that, you know, there are two aspects to being black in this country. There is the racial aspect. The idea of being raced,
literally being inserted into a member of a black race because you have African ancestry. None of us enjoy that. We would like that to go away.
All of the racism that happens to us proceeds from the justification that we are part of a race.
But one thing that's happened out that have process, and I don't think black people are original in this, is out of that process of being raced
and oppression, a culture has come about, an ethnicity that is totally different. The music you listen to, the food you eat, the way you talk,
the easy intersection between other people who are of that ethnicity and culture, and we love that.
[13:30:00]
I attended Howard University and loved my time and enjoyed my time there. And one of the things I loved most was the cultural aspect of that.
And so, while all of us would get rid of the racial aspect of our identity in a day, in a minute, the cultural aspect is very, very important to us.
And so I always try to make sure I'm writing about that, when I'm talking about African-American, because I think that that part shouldn't get
missed.
AMANPOUR: Can I just -- I mean, it's a little bit of a hard turn here, but you talked about the cultural aspect and the celebration of that.
You talked about kind of being raised on magical, mystical because of comics and all the rest of it. Well, I mean, you are the sort of author of
one of the most incredible comics.
You did "Black Panther."
COATES: Still do.
AMANPOUR: And, of course, the film was just such a roaring success.
COATES: Yes. Yes.
AMANPOUR: I mean, how do you digest this movement that you created?
COATES: Well, I think storytellers have a specific advantage.
African-American storytellers have a specific advantage. And that is because, for so long, much of society wasn't really interested in their
stories, that means there's a whole mine there to be explored.
The flip side of Tarzan and the flip side of some of the more unfortunate stereotypical portraits of Africa is that they're so dehumanizing and so
far removed, that it means that most people who were raised on those images, people who created those images, also, had no real interest.
And so what that means, when you come in as a storyteller, you have a wide- open field that hasn't really been explored in the way that you want. You don't have to go compete with Clint Eastwood, you know what I mean, to do
like a Western or something like that.
And so I think that's what you're seeing. I think you're seeing storytellers having their moment, both because they have so much unexplored
terrain, but also, for the first time in history, there are enough Americans who are comfortable with those stories that you're seeing big
media entities get behind them also.
AMANPOUR: Do you think this spike of white nationalism that we're seeing, white supremacy that we're seeing in this country, as well as other
democratic nations, is transitory, is here to stay?
Do you think there's enough of a backlash now two years in against it? Where do you see it landing?
COATES: I don't know. I don't know.
I think the inspiration for it, the Trumpism, is here to stay. I don't know if Trump is here to stay, but I think the inspiration is here to stay,
because I think the dangerous thing about 2016 is, it became clear that this was a path, that there were enough Americans, not a majority, but a
significant minority of Americans, and that you could -- that our political system was set up in such a way that, if you can mobilize that group, their
desire for cruelty, to see other people hurt, was such that it could carry you all to the White House -- all the way to the White House.
And so it would not surprise me if another politician, observing that, who perhaps is more intelligent than Trump, sees that and uses that same path.
And it is deeply sad to see that be unveiled in that way.
AMANPOUR: You mentioned at the beginning the idea of reparations and you spoke just recently, this summer in June, before Congress the case for
reparations.
You know, you've helped rekindle this whole debate. And I spoke to rMD- BO_Bryan Stevenson, the great justice lawyer, and I asked him about that, and this is what he said.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
BRYAN STEVENSON, FOUNDER, EQUAL JUSTICE INITIATIVE: We should all want to repair that damage, to recover from that history and to create something
better.
If we don't want that, we don't want a better future. We don't want a nation that can truly be the home of the brave and the land of the free. I
don't think these things should be debatable. The question is how we do it.
But we can't even get to how if we're not prepared to acknowledge that we must do it.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
AMANPOUR: Where do you see this reparations conversation going?
COATES: I learned a long time ago to get out of the prognostication game, because I have to tell you, when I wrote "The Case for Reparations," I
didn't believe we would have congressional hearings. I didn't see that coming.
I didn't see it being an issue in the Democratic primary. That was not a thing I was prepared for. But I think one thing that Bryan gets at is,
before we get to plans, before we get to how is this done, before we get to XYZ, we have to have some sort of agreement around the idea of actually
studying and figuring out exactly what happened and what the cause of that was.
And that's why I testified, because I deeply, deeply believe in the importance and the significance of HR-40.
When I began writing about reparations -- and I would admit even in my eyes, before I began writing about it, it was considered a wild-eyed idea
who basically wouldn't work.
[13:35:10]
(CROSSTALK)
AMANPOUR: Sort of a radical, leftist idea.
COATES: Yes, yes, yes, a radical leftist idea. But sometimes radicals are right.
(LAUGHTER)
COATES: And in this case...
AMANPOUR: There hasn't even been truth in reconciliation yet. Other nations have done that.
COATES: There has not. There has not. There has not.
AMANPOUR: Germany, South Africa, Rwanda.
COATES: Yes.
But I think in -- for many people, it presents a deep threat to the American order, because I actually think, more than the money, the
conversation -- if you can believe you're a shining city on a hill, you can believe you're without sin, if you can believe that you really are this
special place, as opposed to just a society, a country, that generally acts in its interests, as other countries do, not a particularly evil place, but
just a country like other countries, just a state like other state, I think a lot of our policy, particularly even our foreign policy, I would argue,
would come into question.
I think we have to be a little bit more humble about how we acted in the world. I think we would have to be a little more humble about how we act
here.
AMANPOUR: I guess, finally, I just want to ask you your take on what you've been called in public.
You're now called regularly a public intellectual. Is that a burden? Is that a good thing?
COATES: I don't enjoy being called that. It's not how I think about myself.
But one of the things I have learned was that that's not really up to me, that just people are going to say what they are going to say. And if
people -- I guess there are worse things to be called.
(LAUGHTER)
AMANPOUR: There are, indeed.
COATES: So, if that's what people say, that's what people say.
AMANPOUR: Ta-Nehisi Coates, thank you very much.
COATES: Thank you so much, Christiane.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
AMANPOUR: "The Water Dancer" is available now.
And we go back to the real world, although you might not believe it, because our final guest this evening has had a life and success worthy of
any fictional novel.
The San Francisco mayor, London Breed, has overcome poverty and tragedy to build a political career that has gone from strength to strength. And like
many big city mayors, she's struggling with challenges like rising homelessness. And she's even gone toe to toe with President Trump over the
issue.
She told our Michel Martin all about this latest struggle.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
MICHEL MARTIN, CNN INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Madam Mayor, thank you so much for joining us.
LONDON BREED, MAYOR OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA: Thanks for having me.
MARTIN: How does it feel to be introduced that way?
BREED: Well, it's amazing, because I grew up in San Francisco, born and raised, and just never thought something like this was possible for someone
like me, coming from some of the most challenging of circumstances right here in San Francisco. And it really is an incredible honor.
MARTIN: Tell me a bit more about that, if you would, for people who aren't familiar with your story. I understand you were raised by your
grandmother.
BREED: Yes.
Well, my grandmother, she raised me in public housing. And the public housing of that time, it was really -- the conditions of the buildings were
just terrible, the mold, the roaches, the -- really the pipes that didn't work, the challenges of access to water and a number of other issues, the
gun violence, the drug use, the drug selling.
All of the things that you could think of, not only was it in my community. There were a lot of challenges in my family with drug use and drug
distribution. And just watching that and growing up in that environment, it's easy to think that this is what life is about, and especially because
it existed for so many people that I grew with up.
MARTIN: Well, how did you get the idea, though, that life could be different for you?
BREED: Well, I was lucky to have people throughout my life who invested in me.
Even my first job working at this place called the Family School, which helps women over 18 get their GED, showed up the first day, see-through T-
shirt, cutoff jeans, and didn't necessarily, of course, answer the phone appropriately.
And the people at the Family School, they worked with me. They took the time to invest in me and talked about how smart I was and that I could go
to college and I got a lot of potential. And when the program was over in the summer, they were like, we want you to stay.
And so I stayed year-around. I got paid to do it. So it kept me out of trouble. I focused on my education and really focused on school and really
learned in that environment from people who went to college, from people who were successful, who were trying to give back and do things in the
community.
MARTIN: So, how did you get the idea for public service? I mean, a lot of times, when people grow up without a lot...
BREED: Yes.
MARTIN: ... the first thought on their minds is, OK, how can I get more?
BREED: Well, the thing is, I didn't want to be poor. So the first thought in my mind was, how do I do something in life that doesn't get me arrested,
that doesn't put me in a situation where I end up in the streets in some various capacities, and how do I take care of myself? And that was the
first thought.
[13:40:00]
But the other thought was, why am I by myself? Like, when I was at U.C. Davis, undergraduate degree, I was lonely, because I was going to school
with so many incredible people. All of the parents of the roommates I had, they were all there day one moving their kids in.
You know, I just got dropped off by one of my friends who happened to have a car, and we piled everything up in the car, and I got dropped off and
paid for the gas.
(LAUGHTER)
BREED: Even when I think about, like, the sheets, like, my grandmother -- she made sure I took some clean sheets and helped me get ready, but, at the
dorms, they have this extra long sheet thing.
And so my sheet fit at the top. It didn't fit at the bottom. But it was - - I put my pillow up there. I worked it. I basically adjusted. And the good news is that I was in this environment, and it really helped me
develop. But it also made me realize that I was alone, too.
And so many people that I grew up with and people that grew up with maybe similar experiences never make it here. And that's really pushed me to
want to do something different, to want to go back, to finish, of course, and then to want to go back to the community and really help change things
for the better, especially because the funeral -- the number of funerals that I was attending, it just got to a point where people that I loved, it
just -- I couldn't even do it anymore.
And it was hurtful. It was painful. And I was like, how do I stop this from happening?
MARTIN: When you were first starting to think to yourself, this is what -- this is a path for me, did you have your sights set on being mayor?
BREED: No. I just -- I didn't think that -- before I ran for office, I first ran for the Board of Supervisors to represent my community. But
before I even ran for office, I was like, oh, my goodness, how am I going to raise the money? How am I going to -- I don't have those kinds of
resources.
I know people. I'm active in the community. I know what to do to work hard, but how do I make those connections? And so when I first was running
for office, because of a program like Emerge, which helps train Democratic women to run for office and a couple of other things that I started looking
into, I said, well, maybe I can do this.
But it wasn't about running for mayor. It was about representing my community and the need to start focusing our attention on the kinds of
policies that are going to actually work, because of my experiences with the policies that didn't work.
MARTIN: But, ironically, now that you are mayor, it's almost as if the problems are outrunning you.
BREED: Yes.
MARTIN: I mean, one of the big issues that's in the public mind now, particularly outside -- I'm sure in San Francisco and elsewhere around the
country, is the homelessness crisis.
BREED: Yes.
MARTIN: How do you understand what is going on here right now with homelessness?
BREED: Yes.
I mean, it's so complicated. And it's not just happening in San Francisco. It's all over the State of California, and it's a real crisis. And it's a
real crisis because there's a couple of reasons. Number one, so many people that are living on our streets that we are trying to help are
suffering from substance use disorder, are suffering from mental illness.
And if it were as simple as, I have a place for you to live, would you work with me to take on the responsibility of living there, and not live on the
streets, I mean, if it were that simple, we would be at a better place than we are now.
And it's been very challenging.
MARTIN: Yes, but haven't there always been mentally ill people, people with substance problems? The weather here has always been warm. I mean,
it seems like there's something accelerating here.
BREED: Yes.
MARTIN: I mean, according to San Francisco's gov.org, homelessness is up 30 percent since 2017.
So, what is happening?
BREED: So, I think part of what is happening, again, are those things, and opioids, for example, methamphetamine, and those kinds of drugs are just
being used, I believe, a lot more than they have in the past.
But, also, I think that the cost of living and the fact that we haven't produced enough housing -- housing affordability is at the core of what I
know is a challenge for even middle-income families struggling to live in San Francisco.
Between 2010 and 2015, the city, we concentrated on jobs, jobs, jobs. We have a 2.6 percent unemployment rate. But during that same time, for every
eight jobs we created, we created one unit of housing.
And then it was like a battle between people who are moving here, people who have lived here. Folks were being pushed out of communities that they
were born and raised in, like my friends and family, and including the public housing that I grew up in.
It was 300 units. It was torn down, and only 200 units were built. So there were a lot of mistakes that were made around housing and housing
production and around affordable housing in particular, because, if we don't have the places for people to live that they can afford to live in,
that's a big part of why we see even more people living in their vehicles.
[13:45:11]
MARTIN: So, according to PolitiFact, when you factor the cost of living, California is the poorest state in the country.
What do you think is the primary driver?
BREED: Yes.
MARTIN: I mean, is it the fact that because the economy is so robust here, in part, that the cost of housing is being bid up beyond the ability for
people to pay?
Is it -- what is it?
BREED: I think a couple of things.
As I said, we focused in this city on jobs. We didn't focus on housing. And then now, even now, trying to get housing built in San Francisco is not
just about the money. It's about the process.
There was one 86-unit building that -- basically, affordable housing that was just opened last year. It took 10 years from the time of identifying
the property to getting it done to opening up this particular space for 86 families.
MARTIN: So, you know this. President Trump was in San Francisco very recently, actually for the first time since he took office. And he told
reporters that San Francisco was -- quote, unquote -- "in total violation" of environmental rules because of used needles that he said were ending up
in the ocean.
And he said his administration was going to issue a notice of environmental violation because of what he described as its homelessness problem. And he
said the EPA might have to issue a citation.
And what do you say to that?
BREED: Well, that's absolutely false. And just to be clear, the president didn't even step foot in San Francisco.
But the fact is, we have a wastewater, sewer water treatment system in San Francisco that has received awards from the EPA, because many cities, they
don't necessarily allow for their wastewater to be treated the way that our system is set up like in San Francisco.
MARTIN: But what is he talking about? Do you know?
BREED: No. I don't know what he's talking about.
But I do know that, here in San Francisco, that doesn't occur because of the way our system is set up. And, in fact, I don't understand how the EPA
would give us an award for having such an incredible system, which is a model for other cities to follow, and take it away.
Who knows?
MARTIN: He also -- well, his HUD secretary, Dr. Ben Carson, he also recently visited San Francisco. He did drop by a housing development, and
he said that the places that have the most regulation also have the highest prices and the most homelessness. He says, therefore, it would seem
logical to attack those things that seem to be driving the crisis.
I mean does he have a point?
BREED: I think that it's -- where is his data? I mean, he's a doctor. Where is his data to substantiate his claim?
Just to basically draw a conclusion without having evidence is, I don't think, very responsible.
But the fact is, we know that there are challenges with affordability in San Francisco. And that's not a new problem. And so the question is, what
are they going to do about it?
MARTIN: What are they going to do about it, though? Are -- is the federal government in charge of the regulatory framework for San Francisco?
BREED: I think that they have -- there are some regulations that -- I mean, for example, neighborhood preference. And this was a way to provide
opportunities for people to have the right of first refusal in their communities.
HUD has the say over whether or not we can use that particular system for affordable housing. They can decide whether or not they're willing to fund
or continue to fund a Section 8 voucher or other systems in here, which sometimes can make it more difficult for us to either move forward with
redeveloping a project or in any capacity. So...
MARTIN: Well, to that end, though, he also said that the city should be able to sit down with the state and sit down with the federal government,
as opposed to saying, this is what we need, this is what we need, and if you don't give it to us, you're bad people.
BREED: I don't believe that we said, if they don't give it to us, that they're bad people.
It's really we -- we can tell you what we need, and this is how we would like to work together. And the goal is to try and really make it possible
for people to have access to affordable housing in San Francisco.
So, there have been local HUD officials that have worked with us on projects. And I bring up Sunnydale, because that was the most recent
example where they worked with us, because we couldn't -- we would not be able to rebuild Sunnydale even with private investments, which we need a
significant number of private investments, without the approval of HUD.
So they still play a role.
MARTIN: Do you feel, though, that -- in a way, that you're between a rock and hard place here?
And here I am going to point out your identity as the first African- American woman mayor of the city, in a city in which the black population is declining rapidly.
I'm wondering, do you feel, in a way, that you're kind of caught here, as a person who has such important symbolic importance to people, because of --
not just because of who you are, but because of what you've been through?
[13:50:08]
And yet the solutions have such a long tail that maybe those solutions will take longer than you have time for. Is that possible?
BREED: It's possible that some of the things I put into play now will take years.
And I will say that I'm really proud, of course, to be the first African- American woman to serve as mayor of San Francisco. But I'm even more proud that, since I have been in office, we've been able to help over 2,000
people exit homelessness.
We've been able to get people housed and build more properties and master lease buildings, that we've been able to transition people out of shelter
beds into permanent supportive housing.
You know, I'm not going to sit back and think it's impossible. I think anything is possible. If I can, again, come out of the most challenging of
circumstances and be mayor, then our city, under some of the most challenging conditions we're dealing with, we can emerge stronger from it.
But it does require good decisions. It does require changes to existing policy, good investments that will help get us there. It's going to take
some time.
MARTIN: So, what is it like for you when you drive around the places you grew up, and you don't see people who look like you anymore?
BREED: It's tough, because, even though we had our challenges with our communities -- and, sadly, we've had really, I mean, the violence and some
of the other issues that have existed -- but there's still love. There's still love for your community.
And when I'm out and about, and I see folks, it feels good. It feels good, because I do still see people who are still here. There are a lot of folks
who are still here, but there's a lot, lot, lot of folks who aren't here anymore. And it just -- it definitely feels different.
MARTIN: What is the vision, though, for how this is to be addressed?
As you know, there are a lot of -- there are different philosophical opinions about this. I mean, even the term itself, gentrification, is a
political term, in a way.
BREED: I mean, a couple of years back, when I was on the board, we passed neighborhood preference legislation, so that, when we build affordable
housing in a community, 40 percent of those units go to the people who live there first.
And that had been a challenge, because, where I grew up, when something gets built, the people who live there and us kids who were adults now who
wanted to stay in the communities we grew up in didn't have access to the affordable housing.
We would have to compete in a lottery with thousands of other people, and then it completely changed the community. So that's part of what I have
done to try and really at least -- I can't turn back the clock, but what we can do is focus on taking care of the communities who are here now and
making sure that they are not continuing to be neglected in certain areas of our city, taking the resources -- like, I was just in Sunnydale.
They've been promised and promised and promised -- today, ground-breaking on some of the new housing development. And we're not going to do what
they did when I was removed from public housing, tear down the units, move everyone to another city, and then build less units, and know they can't
let everyone come back.
It's like, no, you're staying here. This building is built. You have the options, you're priority, one-for-one replacement. And that's exactly what
I have been doing, based on my own personal experiences of what I have seen that hasn't worked.
MARTIN: But is the key to your success here, do you think, is it your own story that makes people feel that they can have hope again? Or is it the
concrete investments that actually get delivered that make the difference?
BREED: I got to tell you that I'm probably one of the most progressive mayors that this city has ever seen with the number of investments and
policies and things that I have put forward in my administration that people didn't think were possible, eliminating fines and fees for those who
committed, unfortunately, a crime, did their time, and try to reenter society, so that they don't have the burden of debt.
MARTIN: And you know this from personal -- not to put all your business in the street, but you know this from personal experience...
BREED: Yes.
MARTIN: ... because you have a family member who's incarcerated, has been for some time.
BREED: Yes. Yes.
And the fact is, this stuff around criminal justice reform, the stuff around housing and affordability and really making the connection between
the people who we know need it and access to it, all of those things and how we've been able to move things forward has been really incredible.
And I got to say, I'm proud of my track record. And maybe, if it had been somebody else pushing forward some of these ideas, in some crowds, they may
be celebrated more. But San Francisco is a challenging dynamic. People appreciate it, but then they want more.
[13:55:00]
And I understand that, because I want more. I'm a native. I want to change this city. And I want people to be a part of the solution of
helping to change the city and make it better.
And I do think that part of my story inspires people to basically know that they can do better in life if they're in a challenging situation, or others
who feel like, maybe this is the right solution, if it's something different than what I'm used to, even though I might be uncomfortable with
it.
MARTIN: All right, Madam Mayor, thank you so much for talking to us.
(LAUGHTER)
BREED: Thank you.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
AMANPOUR: And that is it for now. Thanks for watching this special edition of AMANPOUR.
Remember, you can always listen to our podcast and see us online at Amanpour.com. And you can follow me on Instagram and Twitter.
Goodbye from London.
END
